Solutions - Chemistry Short Handwritten Notes [PDF]📚

Ruhi Singh
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Definition:

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where the particles of one substance (solute) are dispersed uniformly throughout another substance (solvent).

Components:

➡️ Solvent: The component present in the larger quantity, determining the physical state of the solution (e.g., water in saltwater).

➡️ Solute: The component present in the smaller quantity (e.g., salt in saltwater).


Types of Solutions:

➭ Binary solutions: Contain two components (e.g., salt in water).

➭ Concentrated solutions: Have a high proportion of solute compared to solvent.

➭ Dilute solutions: Have a low proportion of solute compared to solvent.

➭ Unsaturated solutions: Have less solute than the maximum amount that can be dissolved at a given temperature.

➭ Saturated solutions: Have the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature.

➭ Supersaturated solutions: Contain more solute than would normally be stable at a given temperature.

Concentration Units:

➭ Mass percentage (%w/w): Grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.

➭ Volume percentage (%v/v): Milliliters of solute per 100 milliliters of solution.

➭ Molarity (M): Moles of solute per liter of solution.

➭ Molality (m): Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Colligative Properties:

Properties that depend on the concentration of the solute particles, not their identity.

➭ Boiling point elevation: The boiling point of a solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.

➭ Freezing point depression: The freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.

➭ Vapor pressure lowering: The vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.

➭ Osmotic pressure: The pressure required to prevent the flow of pure solvent into a solution across a semipermeable membrane.

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solutions - Chemistry Short Notes 📚