Solid State - Chemistry Short Handwritten Notes [PDF]📚

Ruhi Singh
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 1. Introduction:

➡️ Solid state is one of the three fundamental states of matter (solid, liquid, gas).

➡️ Solids have definite shape and volume, strong intermolecular forces, and minimal empty space.

➡️ Solid-state chemistry deals with the structure, properties, and applications of solids.

2. Classification of Solids:

Based on Bonding:

➭ Ionic solids: Held by electrostatic forces between ions (e.g., NaCl).

➭ Covalent solids: Held by shared electrons between atoms (e.g., diamond).

➭ Metallic solids: Held by delocalized electrons in a metallic sea (e.g., copper).

➭ Molecular solids: Held by weak intermolecular forces between molecules (e.g., ice).

Based on Crystal Structure:

➭ Crystalline solids: Have a well-ordered, repeating arrangement of atoms/molecules (e.g., salt).

➭ Amorphous solids: Lack a regular arrangement (e.g., glass).

Solid State - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

3. Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells:

➭ Crystal lattice: A 3D network of points representing the positions of atoms/molecules.

➭ Unit cell: The smallest repeating unit of a crystal lattice.

➭ Bravais lattices: 14 fundamental types of unit cells based on symmetry.

➭ Packing efficiency: The fraction of space occupied by spheres representing atoms/molecules in a unit cell.

4. Important Concepts:

➭ Coordination number: Number of nearest neighbors an atom/molecule has in a crystal.

➭ Radius ratio rule: Predicts the type of crystal structure based on the size ratio of cations and anions.

➭ Voids: Empty spaces between atoms/molecules in a crystal lattice.

➭ Crystal defects: Irregularities in the crystal structure (e.g., vacancies, interstitials).

5. Properties of Solids:

➭ Melting point: Temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid.

➭ Hardness: Resistance to scratching or deformation.

➭ Electrical conductivity: Ability to conduct electricity.

➭ Thermal conductivity: Ability to conduct heat.

➭ Band theory: Explains the electrical properties of solids based on the energy levels of electrons.

6. Applications of Solid State Chemistry:

➭ Semiconductors: Used in electronic devices like transistors and integrated circuits.

➭ Superconductors: Conduct electricity with zero resistance at low temperatures.

➭ Ceramics: Used in construction, electronics, and other applications.

➭ Polymers: Large molecules with diverse properties used in various materials.

Solid State - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solid State - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solid State - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solid State - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solid State - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solid State - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Solid State - Chemistry Short Notes 📚

Note: These are just short notes, and many more details and concepts exist within solid-state chemistry.

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