Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory of Gases (KTG) Quick Revision

Thermodynamics

  • Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.  
  • First Law of Thermodynamics: The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.
    • ΔU = Q - W
     
  • Second Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible to construct a heat engine that operates with 100% efficiency.
    • Kelvin-Planck Statement: No heat engine can convert all the heat absorbed from a reservoir into work.
    • Clausius Statement: Heat cannot be transferred from a colder body to a hotter body without work being done.
     
  • Third Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible to reach absolute zero temperature.
  • Thermodynamic Processes:
    • Isothermal: Temperature remains constant.
    • Adiabatic: No heat exchange with surroundings.
    • Isobaric: Pressure remains constant.
    • Isochoric: Volume remains constant.
  • Carnot Cycle: A theoretical cycle that represents the maximum possible efficiency for a heat engine.
    • Efficiency = 1 - (T₁/T₂)

Kinetic Theory of Gases

  • Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
    • P: Pressure
    • V: Volume
    • n: Number of moles
    • R: Gas constant
    • T: Temperature
  • Kinetic Energy of a Gas Molecule: KE = (3/2)kT
    • k: Boltzmann constant
  • Root Mean Square (RMS) Speed of Gas Molecules: v_rms = √(3RT/M)
    • M: Molar mass
  • Mean Free Path: Average distance traveled by a gas molecule between collisions.
    • λ = (1/√2) * (Ï€d²/n)
    • d: Diameter of gas molecule
  • Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Describes the distribution of molecular speeds in a gas.
  • Specific Heat Capacity: Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.
    • Cv: Specific heat capacity at constant volume
    • Cp: Specific heat capacity at constant pressure
    • Cp - Cv = R

Important Formulas:

  • Work done by a gas: W = ∫PdV
  • Heat added to a gas: Q = ΔU + W
  • Internal energy of a gas: U = (3/2)nRT

Remember:

  • Practice solving numerical problems.
  • Understand the concepts and their applications.
  • Review key formulas and their derivations.
Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory of Gases (KTG) Quick Revision

Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory of Gases (KTG) Quick Revision

Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory of Gases (KTG) Quick Revision

Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory of Gases (KTG) Quick Revision

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