Thermal Properties of Matter: Quick Revision Sheet

Temperature and Heat

• Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.  
• Heat: A form of energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder object due to a temperature difference.  

Thermometers

• Thermometric properties: Properties that change with temperature (e.g., length, volume, resistance).  
• Common thermometers: Liquid-in-glass, thermocouple, resistance thermometer.

Thermal Expansion

• Linear expansion: Increase in length with temperature.  
• Volume expansion: Increase in volume with temperature.  
• Coefficient of linear expansion: The change in length per unit length per unit temperature.  
• Coefficient of volume expansion: The change in volume per unit volume per unit temperature.  

Calorimetry

• Specific heat capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K.  
• Latent heat: The amount of heat required to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature.
  • Latent heat of fusion: Heat required to melt a solid.  
  • Latent heat of vaporization: Heat required to vaporize a liquid.  
   

Transfer of Heat

• Conduction: Transfer of heat through a material without the movement of the material itself.  
• Convection: Transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid.  
• Radiation: Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.  

Thermal Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: A measure of a material's ability to conduct heat.  
• Thermal resistance: The reciprocal of thermal conductivity.  

Laws of Thermodynamics

• Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.  
• First law of thermodynamics: The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.  
• Second law of thermodynamics: Heat cannot be transferred from a colder object to a hotter object without work being done.  

Remember to practice numerical problems to reinforce your understanding of these concepts.