Basic Rules:
- Parent Chain: The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is identified.
- Functional Group: The highest priority functional group is identified.
- Numbering: The chain is numbered to give the functional group the lowest possible number.
- Substituents: Alkyl and other substituents are named and numbered.
- Prefixes and Suffixes: Appropriate prefixes and suffixes are used to indicate the functional group and substituents.
Common Functional Groups:
| Functional Group | Suffix | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Alkane | -ane | Methane (CH₄) |
| Alkene | -ene | Ethene (C₂H₄) |
| Alkyne | -yne | Ethyne (C₂H₂) |
| Alcohol | -ol | Methanol (CH₃OH) |
| Ketone | -one | Propanone (CH₃COCH₃) |
| Aldehyde | -al | Ethanal (CH₃CHO) |
| Carboxylic acid | -oic acid | Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) |
| Ester | -oate | Methyl ethanoate (CH₃COOCH₃) |
| Amide | -amide | Ethanamide (CH₃CONH₂) |
| Amine | -amine | Methylamine (CH₃NH₂) |
Examples:
- CH₃CH₂CH₂OH: 1-Propanol
- CH₃COOH: Ethanoic acid
- CH₃CH₂CH=CH₂: 1-Butene
- CH₃CH₂COCH₃: 2-Butanone
Additional Notes:
- Cyclic Compounds: Use the prefix "cyclo-" followed by the parent chain name.
- Multiple Functional Groups: The highest priority group determines the suffix, and other groups are named as substituents.
- Stereoisomers: Indicate the stereochemistry using prefixes like "cis-", "trans-", "R", or "S".
Remember: Practice is key to mastering IUPAC nomenclature. Work through examples and quizzes to reinforce your understanding.
